Sources & References
Public reference lists supporting Data Before Opinion episodes.
- World Values Survey Wave 7
Open source - International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)
Open source - General Recommendation No. 29: Descent-Based Discrimination
Open source - Being Black in the EU: Experiences of People of African Descent
Open source - Views on Discrimination in American Society
Open source - How Much Discrimination Do Americans Say Groups Face in the U.S.?
Open source - Jim Crow and Segregation
Open source - Jim Crow Laws and Segregation
Open source - Mapping Inequality: Redlining in New Deal America
Open source - HOLC Redlining Maps
Open source - Apartheid in South Africa
Open source - Population Registration and Apartheid Records
Open source - Hidden Apartheid: Caste Discrimination Against India's Untouchables
Open source - World Report 2025: India
Open source - Educational Attainment Data
Open source - STEM Degree Trends Among Black Students
Open source - Black Women Earn Majority of Degrees Among Black Students
Open source - Educational Attainment by Gender
Open source - Bachelor's Degree or Higher Attainment Rates
Open source - Median Weekly Earnings by Race and Gender
Open source - Gender Wage Gap Comparisons
Open source - Fields of Study for Associate's, Bachelor's, Master's, and Doctoral Degrees
Open source - Women's Participation in Higher Education
Open source - Degree Attainment by Race and Gender Among Black Students
Open source - Share of Degrees Earned by Black Women
Open source - American Time Use Survey
Open source - How Mothers and Fathers Spend Their Time
Open source - Single-Parent Households in the U.S.
Open source - America’s Single-Parent Households and “Missing” Fathers
Open source - Fathers’ Involvement in Their Children’s Lives
Open source - The Stability of Child Attachment to Mothers and Fathers from Infancy to Preschool
Open source - Gender and Parenting
Open source - Child Maltreatment Perpetrators – FAQs (Breakdown by Sex)
Open source - Living Arrangements of Children: 2023
Open source - Time Spent in Primary Childcare – Gender Differences
Open source - U.S. Census Bureau: Median Age at First Marriage
Open sourceUsed for national marriage timing context and historical comparison.
- Pew Research Center: Age Gaps Between Spouses
Open sourceUsed for discussion of average husband-wife age gaps and long-term demographic trends.
- American Community Survey Data
Open sourceUsed for occupational and marital-status analysis context.
- A Growing Share of U.S. Husbands and Wives Are Roughly the Same Age
Open source - Families and Living Arrangements: 2025
Open source - The Marital Satisfaction of Differently Aged Couples
Open source - Globally, Women Are Younger Than Their Male Partners, More Likely to Age Alone
Open source - Pregnancy at Age 35 Years or Older
Open source - Having a Baby After Age 35: How Aging Affects Fertility and Pregnancy
Open source - Impact of Advanced Paternal Age on Fertility and Risks of Genetic Disorders in Offspring
Open source - How Does the Age Gap Between Partners Affect Their Survival?
Open source - Marriage and Life Expectancy
Open source - Determinants of the Spousal Age Gap in India: Analysis of Indian Microdata
Open source - CDC/NCHS: Fertility and Maternal Age Data
Open sourceUsed for fertility, birth timing, and pregnancy-related demographic context.
- U.S. Census Bureau: Estimated Median Age at First Marriage
Open sourceUsed for modern first-marriage age by sex.
- General Social Survey
Open sourceUsed as a nationally known survey source for family, marriage, work, and social attitudes.
- Pew Research Center: Marriage and Family Trends
Open sourceUsed for social and demographic context on marriage and family formation.
- The Marital Satisfaction of Differently Aged Couples
Open sourceUsed for discussion of age gaps and marital satisfaction over time.
- Sven Drefahl: How Does the Age Gap Between Partners Affect Their Survival?
Open sourceUsed for discussion of age differences, mortality, and long-term health implications.
